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Timeline of the United States Discoveries webelements.com / silicon /))

1831 discovery of chloroform chloroform, a chemical compound that has not undergone as trihalomethanes is the combustion air in known although it will burn when mixed with more flammable fabrics. Chloroform was first discovered in July 1831 by the American physician Samuel Guthrie, independently a few months later by French chemist Eugne Soubeiran and then by German chemist Justus von Liebig.
1859 Discovery of petroleum jelly
petroleum jelly, Vaseline or petroleum jelly is a semisolid mixture of hydrocarbons, which originally promoted as a topical ointment for its healing properties. The raw material for petroleum jelly was discovered in 1859 by Robert Chesebrough, a chemist from New York. In 1870, Vaseline Petroleum Jelly as this product is branded.
1873 discovery of the chemical potential
In thermodynamics, physics and chemistry, chemical potential symbolized by, is a concept of the American engineers, chemists introduced and mathematical physicist Josiah Gibbs in his 1873 work, a method of geometric representation of thermodynamic properties of materials by Means of Surfaces.

1877 Discovery of Deimos Deimos is the smaller and outer two moons of Mars. It was discovered by Asaph Hall in 1877.

1877 discovery of Phobos Phobos is the larger and closer of Mars’ two small moons. It was discovered by Asaph Hall in 1877.

1891 Discovery of Amalthea Amalthea is the third moon of Jupiter, in the order of the distance from Earth. It was on 9 September discovered in 1892 by Edward Emerson Barnard.

1899 Discovery of Phoebe Phoebe is a moon of Saturn. It was the 17th by William Henry Pickering March 1899 from photographic plates, which were taken from 16 August 1898 discovered in Arequipa, Peru by DeLisle Stewart.
1908 discovery of the Seyfert galaxies
Seyfert galaxies are a class of galaxies with nuclei that produce spectral line emission from highly ionized gas, after Carl Keenan Seyfert, the astronomer who first identified the class, although they were in 1943, first discovered by Edward A. Fath named in 1908 as he is at Lick Observatory.

1910 Discovery of propane Propane is a three -carbon alkane, normally a gas, but a portable compressible fluid. It is derived from other petroleum products during oil or natural gas processing. It is commonly used as fuel for engines, barbecues, portable stoves and residential heating. Propane was first as a volatile component in gasoline by Dr. Walter O. Snelling of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1910 identified.
1912 discovery of the smoking-cancer link
Dr. Isaac Adler was the first point, strongly suggests that lung cancer is related to smoking in 1912 linked.

1914 Discovery of Sinope Sinope is a retrograde moons of Jupiter discovered by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory in 1914.
1915 discovery of the Zener diode
A Zener diode is a type of diode that permits current in the direction of travel as a normal diode, but in the opposite direction when the voltage is greater than the breakdown voltage as “Zener knee voltage known” or “Zener voltage”. The device was due to Clarence Zener, who discovered this electrical property.
1916 discovery of the covalent bond
The idea of the covalent bond several years Gilbert N. Lewis, who described in 1916, the distribution of electron pairs between atoms. He led the so-called Lewis notation or electron dot notation or The Lewis Dot structure, shown in the valence electrons as dots on the atomic symbols.

1916 Discovery of heparin, heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is widely as an injectable anticoagulant used and has the highest negative charge density of a known biological molecule. It can also be used to form an inner surface of different anticoagulant experimental and medical devices such as test tubes and dialysis machines. It was discovered by Jay McLean and William Henry Howell in 1916.
1917 discovery of the vitamin A
vitamin A, a bi-polar molecule with bi-polar covalent bonds between carbon and hydrogen is formed, a family of similarly shaped molecules, the retinoids, which connected the rest of the vitamin sequence completely. Its main part is the retinyl group, which can be found in various forms. In foods of animal origin, the major form of vitamin A is an ester, primarily retinyl palmitate, which is converted to an alcohol in the small intestine. Vitamin A can also act as an aldehyde, or acid is present. The discovery of vitamin A was based on research from 1906, indicating that other factors were necessary as the carbohydrates, proteins, other, and fats, to keep cattle healthy. By 1917 one of these substances was independently discovered by Elmer McCollum at the University Wisconsinadison and Extragalactic Lafayette Mendel and Thomas Osborne of Yale University.
1925 discovery of Cepheids
astronomy is a branch of astronomy with objects outside the Milky Way worried. In other words, it is the study of all astronomical objects which are not covered by galactic astronomy. It was developed by Edwin Hubble to be launched when, in 1925, he discovered the existence of Cepheids in the Andromeda galaxy. This discovery proved the existence of a galaxy about one million light years away and thus extragalactic astronomy has been created.
1930 discovery of Pluto
After the discovery of Neptune in 1846, there was considerable speculation that there may be another planet beyond orbit exist. The search began in the mid-19th Century peak, but at the beginning of the 20th Century with the search for Planet X Percival Lowell suggested that the Planet X hypothesis for the apparent discrepancies in the orbits of gas giants, particularly Uranus and Neptune explain speculate that gravity may have a large unseen planet Uranus perturbed enough for the irregularities. The discovery of Pluto by Clyde Tombaugh in 1930 initially seemed Lowell’s hypothesis, validate, and Pluto as the ninth planet until 2006.
1931 discovery of heavy hydrogen heavy hydrogen
a stable isotope of hydrogen with a natural abundance in the oceans of Earth of approximately one hydrogen atom in 6500 (~ 154 PPM). It was first predicted in 1926 by Walter Russell, and later discovered in 1931 by Harold Urey.
1931 discovery of cosmic radio waves
Radio astronomy is a branch of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies. While trying to track down a source of electrical interference on telephone transmissions, Karl Guthe Jansky discovered the Bell Telephone Laboratories outgoing radio waves of stars in space, while static analysis, the disturbance with short wave transatlantic voice transmissions. Thus was born the field of radio astronomy.
1932 discovery of the positron
The existence of positrons was first postulated in 1928 by Paul Dirac as a consequence of the Dirac equation and later in 1932 by Carl D. Anderson, the positron was discovered his name.

1932 discovery of homeostasis homeostasis, the ability of a system is either open or closed, that regulates the internal environment, so that to obtain a stable, constant condition. It was first proposed and coined by Walter Bradford Cannon, a former professor and chairman of the department of physiology at the Harvard Medical School, and popularized it in his book “The wisdom of the body.
1933 Discovery of heavy water
Harold Urey discovered the isotope deuterium, in 1931 and was later able to concentrate it in water. Urey mentor Gilbert Newton Lewis isolated the first sample of pure heavy water by electrolysis in 1933.
1933 by Discovery
polyvinylidene chloride polyvinylidene chloride is a polymer derived from vinylidene chloride. Its use can be found in water-based coating, the production of household goods and industrial products. Ralph Wiley, a Dow Chemical lab worker accidentally discovered polyvinylidene chloride in 1933.
1936 discovery of the elliptical galaxies
an elliptical galaxy is a galaxy with an approximately elliptical shape and a smooth, almost featureless light show. They range in shape from nearly spherical to flattened and strongly in size from several hundred million to more than one trillion stars. It was originally developed by Edwin Hubble in 1936 in his work which he is the realm of fog
described in 1936 the discovery of the muon
The muon like an elementary particle like the electron, negative electric charge and spin of 12 years . It was designed by Carl D. Anderson and Seth Henry Neddermeyer discovered in 1936 while she studied the cosmic radiation.
1936 discovery of the vitamin E
Tocopherol, a class of chemical compounds, many of which Vitamin E -have activity, describes a number of organic compounds consisting of various methylated phenols. In feeding experiments with rats Herbert McLean concluded Evans in 1922 that in addition to vitamins B and C, an unknown vitamin existed. While every other diet was present, the rats not fruitful. This condition could be amended with wheat germ by additional feeding. It took several years until 1936, when was the substance from wheat germ, and the formula C29H50O2 was isolated by Herbert McLean Evans and KS designed Bishop. The structure was shortly thereafter in 1938 determined.
1936 by thiopental sodium thiopental DiscoverySodium
, better known as Sodium Pentothal, thiopental sodium or trapanal known, is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturates. It was in the early 1936 by Ernest H. Volwiler and L. Donalee Tabern discovered while working for Abbott Laboratories.

1937 Discovery of niacin Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is a water soluble vitamin that prevents the deficiency disease pellagra. Niacin was from the livers of Conrad Elvehjem who later discovered the active ingredient is extracted, then as the “pellagra-preventing factor” and the “anti-blacktongue factor means.”
1937 discovery of the K-electron capture
Electron Capture mode is for a isotopes decay, which occur when there is too many protons in the nucleus of an atom and insufficient energy to a positron is emitted. However, there is a viable decay of radioactive isotopes for positron emission decay. K-electron capture was by Luis Alvarez, who demonstrated in 1937 and reported about it in the Physical Review discovered in April 1938.
1938 by Discovery fluropolymers
a fluoropolymer is a fluorocarbon-based polymer with several strong carbonluorine bonds. It is through a high resistance to solvents, acids, characterized, and bases. Fluoropolymers in the year 1938 by Dr. Roy Plunkett, as he discovered accidentally polymerised tetrafluoroethylene to form polytetrafluoroethylene.

1938 Discovery of animal echolocation Echolocation, also called biosonar, the biological sonar by various animals such as dolphins, shrews, bats, whales and used. The term was coined by Donald Griffin and Robert Galambos, which marked its use by bats discovered in 1938.

1938 Discovery of Carme Carme is a retrograde moons of Jupiter. It was designed by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory in California discovered, in July 1938.

1938 by Discovery Lysithea Lysithea is a prograde moons of Jupiter. It was designed by Seth Barnes Nicholson in 1938, discovered at Mount Wilson Observatory.

1943 Discovery of Streptomycin Streptomycin is an antibiotic, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis . Streptomycin can not be administered orally, as they must be administered by regular intramuscular injection. In 1943, Albert Schatz discovered streptomycin.
1945 Discovery of Promethium Promethium
is a chemical element whose existence was first in the Bohuslav Brauner 1902 forecast. It was first produced and demonstrated at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) are in the year 1945 by Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell by separation and analysis of the fission products of uranium fuel in the graphite reactor irradiated.

1948 Discovery of warfarin Warfarin is an anticoagulant and pesticides. It was originally used as a pesticide, but was later proven to be effective and relatively safe to prevent thrombosis and embolism in many diseases and is currently the most widely used anticoagulant used worldwide. It was discovered by Karl Paul Link and chemists at the University of Wisconsinadison.

1948 Discovery of Miranda Miranda is the smallest and innermost of Uranus’ five large moons. It was discovered by Gerard Kuiper on 2 February 1948 at McDonald Observatory.

1948 Discovery of Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter seratonin in the serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and enterochromaffin cells synthesized in the gastro-intestinal tract of animals, including humans. It was isolated and named in 1948 by Maurice M. Rapport, Arda Green, and Irvine Page of the Cleveland Clinic.

1948 Discovery of tetracycline tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic for use against many bacterial infections indexed polyketide . It is commonly used to treat acne today, and played a historic role in the culling of cholera in the developed world. It was discovered by Benjamin Minge Duggar in 1948.

Nereid Nereid discovery in 1949, also called Neptune II, is a moon of Neptune. Nereid was on 1 May 1949 by Gerard P. Kuiper, who discovered the names proposed in the report of his discovery. It is named after the Nereids, nymphs, sea of Greek mythology.
1951 Discovery of barium stars
barium stars are G to K-class giants, whose spectra have an overabundance of s-elements by the presence of singly ionized barium, Ba II, at 455.4 nm barium stars also improved spectral properties of carbon-show, the bands of the molecules CH, CN and C2. The class was originally recognized and defined by William Bidelman and Philip Keenan.

1951 discovery Ananke Ananke is a retrograde moons of Jupiter. It was built by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Mount Wilson Observatory discovered in 1951.
1952 Discovery of Rapid Eye Movement Rapid Eye Movement
(REM) sleep is a normal stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements. REM sleep is divided into two categories: tonic and phasic classified. The phenomenon of REM sleep and its association with dreaming was discovered by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky with the help of William C. Dement, a medical student at the time, in 1952 during their tenures at the University of Chicago. Kleitmann and Aserinsky’s breakthrough was published in Article 10 September 1953.
Discovered in 1953 the discovery of DNA structure
In 1953, based on X-ray diffraction images and information, which were the bases are paired, James D. Watson, with Francis Crick, which is now generally considered the first accurate
1955 discovery of the antiproton /> The antiproton, the antiparticle of the proton. discovered it was from the University of California, Berkeley physicist Thomas Ypsilanti, Emilio Segre, Clyde Wiegand and Owen Chamberlain in 1955.
1956 discovery of porous silicon
Porous silicon (PSI) is a form of the chemical element silicon, the introduction of a nanoporous holes in their microstructure, rendering a large surface area to volume ratio in the order of 500m2/cm3. It was discovered for the first time by accident in 1956 at Bell Labs by Arthur Uhlir, Jr., and Ingeborg Uhlir.
1956 discovery of the kaon
A kaon is one of a group of four mesons by the fact that they carry a quantum number called strangeness distinction. It was first discovered by Leon Lederman and a group of scientists from Columbia University at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
1956 discovery of the antineutron
The antineutron is the antiparticle of the neutron. A antineutron has the same mass as a neutron, and no net electrical charge. However, it differs from a neutron, compounded by the anti-quarks, instead of quarks. It was discovered by Bruce Cork, William Wenzell, Glenn Lambertson and Oreste Piccioni in 1956.
1956 discovery of neutrino
Neutrinos are elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light, lack an electric charge, are in able to pass through ordinary matter almost undisturbed and are therefore extremely difficult to discover. The neutrino was first postulated in 1930 by Wolfgang Pauli and later discovered in 1956 by Clyde Cowan, Frederick Reines, FB Harrison, HW Kruse and AD McGuire.
1956 discovery of nucleic acid hybridization
hybridization by Alexander Rich and David R. Davies discovered in 1956, is the combination of complementary, single-stranded nucleic acids in a single molecule.
1958 discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt Van Allen radiation
The belt is a torus of charged particles of energy around the Earth, rather than held by the magnetic field of the earth. On the sunny side, because the solar wind and compressed on the other hand, it is extended about three Earth radii. This creates a cavity called the Chapman Ferraro cavity, located in the Van Allen radiation belt. The existence of the tape was confirmed by Explorer 1 and Explorer 3 missions in early 1958, after Dr. James Van Allen at the University of Iowa.
1959 Discovery of antiprotons
The antiproton, the antiparticle of the proton. It was discovered in 1955 by the University of California, Berkeley physicist Emilio Segre and Owen Chamberlain, for which they earned Nobel Prize for Physics in 1959.
1960 Discovery of ocean floor spreading
sea floor spreading occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust by volcanic activity is formed and then gradually moving away from the ridge. Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. It was first proposed by Harry Hammond Hess and Robert Sinclair Dietz in 1960.
1961 discovery of the ETA-meson
The eta-meson is a meson made up of a mixture of quark, down quark, strange quark, quarks and anti quarks. It is discovered by a team at the University of California, was awarded the Berkeley Bevatron.
1964 discovery of the baryon XI
In particle physics, subatomic particles (Xi) is a term for a number of baryons is an up or down quark and two heavier quarks. They are sometimes referred to as cascade particles due to their unstable condition, they decay into lighter particles rapidly by a chain of decays. The first discovery of the Xi particle was at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1964.
1964 discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
In cosmology is the cosmic microwave background CMB radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation filling the universe. The CMB’s discovery in 1964 by astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s, they deserve the Nobel Prize in 1978.
1964 discovery of quarks
A quark is a type found in nucleons and other elementary particles of subatomic particles. They are an important part of the matter, together with leptons. The quark model was proposed for the first time independently by the physicist Murray Gell-Mann in 1964.
1964 discovery of the hepatitis B virus
The hepatitis B virus was discovered in 1965 by Baruch Blumberg, during the Working at the National Institutes of Health.

1965 Discovery of aspartame Aspartame is the name for an artificial, non-saccharide sweetener, aspartyl-phenylalanine-1-methyl ester, which is a methyl ester of the dipeptide of the amino acid phenylalanine and acidsaspartic acid. Aspartame in 1965 by James M. Schlatter, a chemist working GD Searle & Company discovered. Schlatter had synthesized aspartame in the course of the preparation of an anti-ulcer drug candidate.
1965 discovery of the pulsating white dwarfs
A pulsating white dwarf is a white dwarf whose luminosity varies due to non-radial gravity wave pulsations in itself. The first pulsating white dwarf was discovered by Arlo U. Landolt, when he observed in 1965 and 1966, that the luminosity of HL Tau 76 with a period of about 12.5 minutes varied.
1968 discovery of the quarks up
The up-quark is a first-generation quark with a charge of + (3.2) e. The existence of quarks was first postulated up when Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig developed the quark model, in 1964, and the first evidence for them was found in deep inelastic scattering experiments in 1968.
1968 discovery of the down quark
The down quark a first-generation quark with a charge of 13. It is the second-lightest of the six quarks, the lightest to the quarks. Down quarks are most common in nucleons. The protons contains a down quark and two up quarks, while the neutron contains two down quarks and one up quark. Down quarks have been theorized by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig, if they discovered the quark model in 1968.
1969 discovery of the Mosher’s acid
Mosher’s acid or methoxytrifluorophenylacetic acid, by Harry S. Mosher discovered in 1969, is a carboxylic acid which was first used as polarization rotation in the agency.
1969 discovery of interstellar formaldehyde
Interstellar formaldehyde was first discovered in 1969 by Lewis Snyder, David Buhl, B. Zuckerman and Patrick Palmer with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Formaldehyde was detected by means of 111-110 ground-state rotational transition at 4830 MHz.
1970 discovery of reverse transcriptase
In biochemistry, a reverse transcriptase, also known as the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, is a DNA polymerase enzyme, the single-RNA transcribed into double-stranded DNA. It was discovered by Howard Temin at the University Wisconsinadison, and independently by David Baltimore in 1970 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1974 discovery of the J / meson
The J / is a subatomic particle, an aroma- neutral mesons, consisting of a charm quark and an anti-charm quark. Mesons by a bound state of a charm quark and an anti-charm quark are generally formed as “charmonium” known. His discovery was independently by two groups, one directed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Burton Richter, and one was conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory, by Samuel Ting at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She discovered by chance, they had found the same particles, and both announced their findings on 11 November 1974. />
1974 discovery of the charm quark
1974 discovery of the binary pulsar
A binary pulsar is a pulsar with a binary companion, often a different pulsar, white dwarf or neutron star. The first binary pulsar PSR 1913 +16, or “Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar” was in 1974 at Arecibo by Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. and Russell Hulse, for which she won the 1993 Nobel Prize in physics discovered.
1974 discovery of the Leda
Leda is a prograde moons of Jupiter. It was built by Charles T. Kowal at Mount Palomar Observatory discovered 14 September 1974.
1975 by Discovery Themisto
Themisto a small prograde moons of Jupiter. It was discovered by Charles T. Kowal and Elizabeth Roemer in 1975.
1976 discovery of D-mesons
D mesons are the lightest particles containing charm quarks. They are often studied to gain insights into the weak interaction. Since the D-meson is the lightest meson with a charm quark, it must fall to amend Charm Quark in another. D mesons were in the year 1976 during the Mark I experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center discovered.
1977 discovery of the tauon
The tauon a negatively charged elementary particle with a lifetime of 2.91013 s and a mass of 1777 MeV/c2. It was found in a number of experiments, 1974-1977 by Martin Lewis Perl and his colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
1977 discovery of the rings of Uranus
The planet Uranus has a system of rings in the intermediate complexity between the more extensive around Saturn and the simpler systems around Jupiter and Neptune. The rings of Uranus were on 10 Discovered in March 1977 by James L. Elliot, Edward W. Dunham, and Douglas J. Mink. More than 200 years ago, William Herschel also reported the observation of rings, but modern astronomers are skeptical that they have actually noticed it, because they are very dark and weak.
1977 discovery of the Ypsilon-Meson
Ypsilon-Meson is a flavorless meson formed from a quark and its lower anti-particles. It was run by the E288 collaboration of Leon Lederman, discovered at Fermilab in 1977 and was the first particle with a bottom-quark discovered because it is the lightest that can be produced without additional massive particles. It has an average life of 1.211020 seconds and a mass of about 10 GeV.
1977 discovery of the bottom-quark
The bottom quark is a third-generation quark with a charge of 13e. The soil was from the Quark-E288 experiment at Fermilab in 1977 in collisions Bottomonium discovered.
1978 discovery of restriction endonucleases
A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that double-stranded or single-stranded DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites cuts. Such enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea thought to have to offer a defense mechanism against invading viruses. In a bacterial host, restriction enzymes selectively cut the foreign DNA in a process called restriction; host DNA methylated by a modification enzyme to protect it from the restriction enzyme activity. The Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded in 1978 to Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith for the discovery of restriction endonucleases.

1978 discovery of Charon Charon, at the James W. Christy 22nd June 1978 discovered during work on the United States Naval Observatory, is the largest moon of the dwarf planet Pluto.

1979 discovery of the Metis Metis is the innermost moon of Jupiter. It was discovered by Stephen Synnott in 1979 to be in pictures from Voyager first

1979 Discovery of Thebe Thebe is the fourth of Jupiter’s moons on the distance from Earth. It was developed by Stephen Synnott in images from the Voyager 1 spacecraft on 5 Were taken in March 1979, while orbiting Jupiter.
1979 discovery of the rings of Jupiter
The Planet Jupiter has a system of rings, like the rings of Jupiter or the Jovian ring system known. It was the third ring system are discovered in the solar system, after this of Saturn and Uranus in 1979 and was first observed by the Voyager spacecraft first discovered in 1980

Pandora’s Box is an inner satellite of Saturn. It was discovered in 1980 from images taken by Voyager 1 and was provisionally named S/1980 S 26th

1980 discovery of the Prometheus Prometheus is an inner satellite of Saturn, discovered in 1980 from images from Voyager 1 was taken.